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International contract of sale: Obligations of the seller
Horák, Martin ; Pauknerová, Monika (advisor) ; Bříza, Petr (referee)
The thesis deals with the regulation of the seller's obligations in the Vienna Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods. The Vienna Convention was adopted by the United Nations in 1980 and has since been ratified by 95 countries from around the world. It contains a unified substantive regulation of an international sales contract, which is the basic contractual type of international trade. With its content and popularity, the Vienna Convention represents the most important unification act in the field of international trade. The thesis aims to describe and analyse the regulation of the seller's obligations, which forms the central part of the Vienna Convention. The basic principle of the Vienna Convention is uniform interpretation, which ensures that it will be applied in the same way by courts and arbitral tribunals around the world. The thesis focuses on the identification of this unified regime and does so by analysing and comparing Czech and foreign literature and case law. The thesis is divided into three parts. The first chapter deals with the general characteristics of the Vienna Convention. The historical genesis of the Vienna Convention and the unification of international trade law are analysed. Furthermore, the substantive regulation and its relationship to the...
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International contract of sale
Matějka, Tomáš ; Pauknerová, Monika (advisor) ; Bříza, Petr (referee)
International Contract of Sale Abstract The international contract of sale is the basic instrument through which international trade takes place. However, due to its international nature, there is a lot of uncertainty associated with concluding and fulfilling obligations under an international contract of sale. This uncertainty may arise particularly from the fact that the parties to an international contract of sale do not know which law is to govern the agreement and which law will therefore be applicable to it. This thesis deals with the issues of the applicable law of the international contract of sale. Firstly, attention is paid to the general methods according to which the applicable law for the international contract of sale is determined. These are the collision method and the direct method. Subsequently, the sources of law that are important in terms of these methods in the environment of the Czech Republic are analyzed. The main part of the thesis is devoted to the collision legislation contained in the Rome I Regulation, which is the most important source of law that regulates this issue within the European Union. Relevant international conventions concluded between the Czech Republic and some third countries as well as the Private International Law Act are also analyzed. From the sources of law,...
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International contract of sale
Chvojka, Michal ; Pauknerová, Monika (advisor) ; Pfeiffer, Magdalena (referee)
International Sales Contract Abstract The thesis deals with the issue of liability for a breach of an international sale contract in case the fulfillment of a contractual obligation is prevented or made significantly more onerous by events beyond the control of contracting parties. The aim of the thesis is to determine whether the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (hereinafter referred to as the "CISG") also applies to hardship, which is a situation where a change of circumstances causes a fundamental imbalance between the parties. Firstly, the thesis covers general topics related to the international sales contract and the CISG as the most important source of law governing this area, while the attention is particularly aimed at its historical development and scope of application. This is followed by the chapter dealing with damages under the CISG together with an analysis of Articles 79 and 80, which regulate the liability exclusion of contracting parties including the conditions necessary for the application of these provisions. The second half of the thesis introduces the concept of hardship, its legal consequences and extension in national legal systems as well as at the international level. Then, specific theories concerning the relationship between a...
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International sales contract
Rada, Karel ; Pauknerová, Monika (advisor) ; Kučera, Zdeněk (referee)
International sales contract - Summary The topic of this thesis is an international sales contract. The aim of this thesis was to outline various ways of regulation of international sales contracts. Particular attention was paid to the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods and the emerging European legislation Common European Sales Law. The thesis is divided into three main parts. The first part provides insight into the history of the concept of contracts of sale and the definition of this term in Roman law. Following is a brief description of modern regulations on sales contracts. Also an international element is defined in the international sales contracts and basic elements of choice of law rules are discussed in the next section. The last section of this part is devoted to individual regulations regarding international sales contracts. These regulations are divided according to their origins into national regulations, international regulations, norms and rules of European law and the rules of international business transactions - lex mercatoria. The second part of this thesis deals exclusively with the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods, which is the most successful international treaty in the area of international sale of...
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International sales contract
Petráček, Vladimír ; Pauknerová, Monika (advisor) ; Dobiáš, Petr (referee)
The purpose of my thesis is to analyse the scope of application of the UN Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods ("CISG"). The reason for my research is the wide use of the CISG in international trade. Therefore, it is necessary to know exactly when the CISG is applicable. The thesis is composed of four chapters, each of them dealing with a different aspect of international sales contracts. Chapter One is introductory and defines the basic concept of regular and international sales contract in Czech law and legal literature, taking into account the upcoming recodification of the Czech Civil Code. Chapter Two examines the basic approaches of legal regulation in private international law. After a brief theoretical introduction, special attention is paid to various Czech and international legal instruments governing contracts for the international sale of goods. In Chapter Three, I explore the basic requirements for application of the CISG. Using scholarly literature as well as case law, I characterise the concepts of sales contract, goods, place of business, contracting states and party autonomy. Consideration is also given to the material scope of application of the CISG. The existence of controversial issues related to this question is shown on the topic of interest for any sum...
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International sales contract
Lauermannová, Irena ; Pauknerová, Monika (advisor) ; Dobiáš, Petr (referee)
International sales contract The purpose of this diploma thesis was to analyse the term "fundamental breach" of international sales contract as defined in Art. 25 of the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (hereinafter the " Vienna Convention"). The thesis is composed of introduction, conclusion and four chapters, each of them dealing with different aspects of the international sales contract and its breach. Chapter One is introductory and defines first international sales contract and Vienna Convention. The chapter is subdivided into two parts. Part One describes the characteristics of international sales contract. Part Two deals with history and characteristics of Vienna convention, and also explains the relationship between Vienna Convention and Regulation Rome I. Second chapter describes three interpretative principles specified in Art. 7(1) of Vienna Convention, i.e., a) regard to the international character of the Vienna Convention, b) need to promote uniformity in its application and c) the observance of good faith in international trade. The chapter consists of three parts. Part One focuses on regard to the international character of the Vienna Convention. It states, that the Vienna Convention should be interpreted autonomously, without reference to the...
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Liability of the seller for defects in international commercial transactions under the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods
Zmatlíková, Kristýna ; Pauknerová, Monika (advisor) ; Pfeiffer, Magdalena (referee)
Liability of the seller for defects in international commercial transactions under the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods Abstract This thesis deals with the liability of the seller for defects in international commercial transactions, contained in the UN Convention on Contracts for International Sale of Goods. The document, which is binding for 89 states from different parts of the world, is the most important document in international trade law that contains unified regulation. The Convention determines substantive rules for contracts on international sale of goods defined as a contract on sale concluded between two parties, each of them having its place of business in a different state. If both of these states are parties to the Convention, it is directly applicable, i.e. it is used without reference of conflict of laws rules. Unification of regulation is important in the field of international trade, especially in the area of contracts on sale of goods, which is the most often used type of contract. The most problematic situation in business relationships is when a party fails to meet its contractual obligations. For that reason, in order to ensure the most favourable environment for international business and economic development, it is essential for traders to...
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Damages under Article 74 of the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods ((CISG)
Bečvářová, Bára ; Pauknerová, Monika (advisor) ; Pfeiffer, Magdalena (referee)
The thesis focuses on the issue of damages under Article 74 of the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (hereinafter the "CISG") as one of the possible outcomes of a breach of international sale contract. The general goal of the thesis is to comprehensively describe possibilities of the innocent party when claiming the damages under Article 74 of the CISG while focusing in detail on the issue of calculation of damages. The contents of the thesis are separated into three parts. First two chapters of the thesis cover general topics related to CISG such as its importance in the field of international sales and historic context of both the CISG as a whole and its Article 74 in particular. The reader's attention is aimed at the position of Article 74 within the CISG and detailed description of the principles governing its application, including in particular the principle of full compensation and related categorization of loss for which the damages can be awarded. Apart from the extent of the innocent party's right to damages, the thesis also describes the limitations of such right, namely the foreseeability of the loss and the obligation of the innocent party to mitigate it. In its second part, the thesis focuses more closely on the calculation of damages. In this...
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International Sales Contract: The principle of good faith under the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods
Večeřa, Matěj ; Pauknerová, Monika (advisor) ; Pfeiffer, Magdalena (referee)
60 Abstract The thesis is called International Sales Contract: The principle of good faith under the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods. The aim of the thesis was to outline the position of good faith in international trade together with a reference to its conception in different legal systems with special focus on continental and common law. The main aim of the thesis was to analyse the good faith principle under the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (CISG). The author is trying to offer a theoretical basis for the realization of this analysis through the whole thesis. In doing so, the thesis describes, inter alia, historical development of the good faith principle under the CISG, related geopolitical problems and finally a comparison of the good faith principle under the CISG with other documents dealing with international trade is also included. In analysing the good faith principle under the CISG, the author focused mainly on the issue of different concepts and interpretations of this principle with an emphasis on the precise function of the good faith principle based in Art. 7 (1) of the CISG. The thesis was realized by using a descriptive method since the author used information obtained chiefly from the doctrine and...
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International sales contract and perspectives of its legal regulation
Koričanská, Marie ; Pauknerová, Monika (advisor) ; Kunz, Oto (referee) ; Ondřej, Jan (referee)
The international sales contract is one of the most important and frequently used legal instruments in the area of international business relations. Despite its functional stability, it is subject of continuous interest of legal theory and practice through which the questions related to its legal regulation are tackled. Therefore, this thesis deals with international sales contract and the perspective of its legal regulation. Particularly, the aim of this thesis is to answer the question on how the regulation of international sales contract is developing with regard to the national and supranational law, especially the Act on international private law, the Vienna convention, the Rome I regulation and the CESL (Common European Sales Law). The thesis considers this question both from the entrepreneurs' and customers' point of view. Besides the general theoretical aspects of the international sales contract, the thesis also focuses on particular legal acts containing the most relevant regulation of international sales contract and the structure and framework of the thesis corresponds with this focus. The thesis is divided into five chapters, which are preceded by the introduction and followed by the conclusion. The core of the thesis is in chapter five, which analyzes partial aspects of current...
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